Animals in Navajo Language: Complete Guide

Learn Navajo names for animals with pronunciation guides, cultural meanings, and sacred significance. Discover how wildlife shapes Diné language and stories.

Animals in Navajo Culture and Language

Animals hold profound significance in Navajo (Diné) culture, serving as more than just creatures sharing the landscape—they are teachers, relatives, spiritual beings, and central characters in the stories that have shaped Navajo worldview for generations.

The Navajo language reflects this deep relationship through rich vocabulary that describes not only animals themselves but their behaviors, sounds, and spiritual meanings. Let’s explore animals in Navajo Language.

In traditional Navajo belief, animals were present during the creation of the world and played crucial roles in establishing the natural order.

The Holy People (Diyin Diné’é) enlisted various animals to help create the world as we know it, and many animals retain sacred status and special powers.

Coyote, for instance, appears throughout Navajo creation stories as both trickster and teacher, while eagles carry prayers to the heavens, and bears represent strength and healing power.

Understanding animal names in Navajo opens windows into this rich cultural tradition. Many animal names are onomatopoetic, imitating the sounds creatures make.

Others describe physical characteristics, behaviors, or the animal’s role in the ecosystem. Learning these names connects you not just to vocabulary but to centuries of ecological knowledge, spiritual wisdom, and storytelling tradition.

This comprehensive guide explores the Navajo names for animals across all categories—from the sacred eagle to the domestic sheep, from the powerful bear to the tiny mouse.

You’ll learn proper pronunciations, discover cultural significance, hear these words in context through example sentences, and gain insight into how animals shape Navajo language and worldview.

Whether you’re learning Navajo language, teaching about indigenous cultures, planning to visit the Navajo Nation, or simply fascinated by the relationship between language and nature, this resource provides the depth and cultural respect you need.

Complete List of Animals in Navajo

Here is a comprehensive table of common animals and their Navajo names, organized by category for easier learning.

Domestic Animals and Livestock

English	Navajo Name	Pronunciation	Cultural Notes
Horse	Łį́į́ʼ	LHEEN	Central to Navajo culture and history
Sheep	Dibé	di-BEH	Economic and spiritual importance
Goat	Tłʼízí	tl’ee-ZEE	Important livestock animal
Cow/Cattle	Béégashii	BEH-gah-shee	Modern livestock
Dog	Łééchąąʼí	LHEH-chahn-ee	Traditional companion animal
Cat	Mósí	MOH-see	Domestic pet
Donkey	Télii	TEH-lee	Pack and work animal
Chicken	Naaʼahóóhai	nah-ah-HOH-high	Domestic bird

Wild Mammals

English	Navajo Name	Pronunciation	Cultural Notes
Bear	Shash	shash	Powerful spiritual protector
Coyote	Maʼii	mah-EE	Trickster figure in stories
Wolf	Maʼiitsoh	mah-EE-tsoh	“Big coyote,” spiritual significance
Mountain Lion	Náshdóítsoh	NASH-doi-tsoh	Predator, respected hunter
Deer	Bįįh	bįįh (nasalized)	Important game animal
Elk	Dził Bįįh	dzil bįįh	“Mountain deer”
Antelope	Jádí	JAH-dee	Swift plains animal
Bison/Buffalo	Ayání	ah-YAH-nee	Represents abundance
Rabbit	Gah	gah	Common small game
Jackrabbit	Gahtsoh	gah-TSOH	“Big rabbit”
Squirrel	Hazéístsʼósí	hah-ZAYS-tso-see	Small tree animal
Prairie Dog	Dlǫ́ʼii	dloh-ee	Community-living rodent
Mouse	Naʼatsʼǫǫsí	nah-ats-oh-see	Small rodent
Rat	Naʼatsʼǫǫsí	nah-ats-OH-see	Similar to mouse
Porcupine	Dahsání	dah-SAH-nee	Unique defensive animal
Raccoon	Tábąąh Maʼii	TAH-bahn mah-EE	“Water coyote”
Skunk	Gólízhii	GOH-lee-zhee	Animal with defensive spray
Badger	Nahashchʼidí	nah-hash-CHEE-dee	Digging animal
Fox	Maʼiiłitsxooí	mah-EE-lits-xoo-ee	Red/small predator
Beaver	Chaaʼ	chah	Water-dwelling rodent

Birds

English	Navajo Name	Pronunciation	Cultural Notes
Eagle	Atsá	aht-SAH	Sacred messenger bird
Golden Eagle	Atsá Łitsoí	aht-SAH lit-SOH-ee	“Yellow eagle”
Bald Eagle	Atsá Łigaii	aht-SAH li-GUY-ee	“White eagle”
Red-tailed Hawk	Atseełtsooí	aht-sayL-tsoh-ee	Symbolizes protection
Crow	Gáagii	GAH-gee	Intelligent bird
Raven	Zhétł’éésh	zheh-tl’esh	Large corvid
Owl	Néʼéshjaaʼ	neh-ESH-jah	Associated with night
Turkey	Tązhii	tahn-ZHEE	Wild and domestic bird
Roadrunner	Yáłhazhiyál	yahl-hah-zhee-YAHL	Desert bird
Quail	Tagháázh	tah-GHAHZH	Small game bird
Dove	Hasbídí	has-BEE-dee	Gentle bird
Hummingbird	Dahiitʼíhii	dah-hee-TEE-hee	Tiny fast bird
Vulture	Jeeshóóʼ	jeh-SHOH	Carrion bird
Duck	Naalʼeełí	nah-al-eh-LEE	Water bird
Goose	Naalʼeełítsoh	nah-al-eh-LEE-tsoh	“Big duck”
Sparrow	Tsídii	TSEE-dee	Small bird
Swallow	Táshchozhii	TASH-cho-zhee	Fast flying bird

Reptiles and Amphibians

English	Navajo Name	Pronunciation	Cultural Notes
Snake	Tłʼiish	tl’eesh	General term
Rattlesnake	Tłʼiish Haʼítsoh	tl’eesh hah-EE-tsoh	Venomous snake
Lizard	Naʼashǫ́ʼii	nah-ah-SHOH-ee	Common reptile
Horned Toad	Naʼashǫ́ʼii Ditʼooi	nah-ah-SHOH-ee dit-oh-ee	Desert lizard
Turtle	Chʼééh Digháhii	ch’eh di-GHAH-hee	Represents longevity
Frog	Chʼał	ch’ahl	Associated with water/rain
Toad	Chʼałtsoh	ch’ahl-TSOH	“Big frog”

Insects and Small Creatures

English	Navajo Name	Pronunciation	Cultural Notes
Butterfly	Kʼaalógii	k’ah-LOH-gee	Beautiful transformer
Bee	Tsísʼná	TSEES-nah	Honey maker
Ant	Wóláchííʼ	WOH-lah-chee	Industrious insect
Spider	Naʼashǫ́ʼii Dich’ízhii	nah-ah-SHOH-ee dich-EE-zhee	Web maker
Grasshopper	Nahachagii	nah-hah-CHAH-gee	Jumping insect
Cricket	Díwózhii	DEE-woh-zhee	Singing insect
Dragonfly	Tániilʼáí	TAH-neel-ah-ee	Water insect
Fly	Tsʼíʼii	ts’ee-ee	Common pest
Mosquito	Tsʼíʼiitsoh	ts’ee-ee-TSOH	“Big fly,” biting insect
Beetle	Naʼashǫ́ʼii Bitseesézí	nah-ah-SHOH-ee bit-seh-SEH-zee	Hard-shelled insect
Scorpion	Tábąąh Naʼashǫ́ʼii	TAH-bahn nah-ah-SHOH-ee	Desert arachnid

Quick Reference: Most Common Animals

Five Most Important Animals Culturally:

Atsá (Eagle) – aht-SAH
Shash (Bear) – shash
Maʼii (Coyote) – mah-EE
Łį́į́ʼ (Horse) – LHEEN
Dibé (Sheep) – di-BEH

Pronunciation Guide for Animal Names

Mastering Navajo animal names requires understanding several sounds that don’t exist in English. This section provides detailed guidance for the most challenging pronunciations.

Key Sound Features in Animal Names

Lateral Fricative (ł): Appears in many animal names like łį́į́ʼ (horse) and łééchąąʼí (dog). Pronounced by placing tongue as if for “l” but blowing air around the sides. Sounds like “thl” or Welsh “ll.”

Glottal Stops (ʼ): Complete throat closure stopping airflow, like the pause in “uh-oh.” Critical in words like łį́į́ʼ (horse), łééchąąʼí (dog), and néʼéshjaaʼ (owl).

Nasalized Vowels (ą, į, ǫ): Air flows through both nose and mouth. Essential in bįįh (deer), chʼał (frog), łééchąąʼí (dog).

Ejective Consonants (tʼ, kʼ, chʼ): Sharp burst of air. Important in tłʼízí (goat), chʼééh (turtle), kʼaalógii (butterfly).

High Tone (marked with ́): Pitch rises on marked syllables. Changes meaning if incorrect.

Long Vowels (marked with double letters): Held approximately twice as long as short vowels.

Pronunciation Guide for Common Animals

Horse – Łį́į́ʼ

Pronunciation: /ɬĩ́ːʔ/
Breakdown: Lateral ł + long high-tone nasalized “een” + glottal stop
Practice: LHEEN-[stop]
This is one of the most challenging words due to combining lateral, nasal, tone, and glottal stop

Sheep – Dibé

Pronunciation: /dɪbé/
Breakdown: “di” + high-tone “beh”
Practice: di-BEH
Relatively straightforward; emphasis on second syllable

Dog – Łééchąąʼí

Pronunciation: /ɬéːtʃɑ̃ːʔí/
Breakdown: Lateral ł + long “eh” + “chahn” (nasalized) + glottal stop + “ee”
Practice: LHEH-chahn-ee
Multiple challenging sounds combined

Bear – Shash

Pronunciation: /ʃaʃ/
Breakdown: “shah” + “sh”
Practice: shash
One of the easier animal names

Coyote – Maʼii

Pronunciation: /maʔí/
Breakdown: “mah” + glottal stop + high-tone “ee”
Practice: mah-[stop]-EE
The glottal stop is crucial

Eagle – Atsá

Pronunciation: /atsá/
Breakdown: “aht” + high-tone “sah”
Practice: aht-SAH
Fairly straightforward pronunciation

Deer – Bįįh

Pronunciation: /bĩːh/
Breakdown: “b” + long nasalized “een” + “h”
Practice: bįįh (through nose)
The nasal quality is essential

Cow – Béégashii

Pronunciation: /béːgaʃɪː/
Breakdown: High-tone “beh” + long vowel + “gah” + “shee”
Practice: BEH-gah-shee
Multiple syllables but logical pattern

Turkey – Tązhii

Pronunciation: /tɑ̃ʒɪː/
Breakdown: Nasalized “tahn” + “zhee”
Practice: tahn-ZHEE
Nasal first syllable important

Snake – Tłʼiish

Pronunciation: /tɬʼɪːʃ/
Breakdown: “t” + lateral ł + ejective ʼ + long “eesh”
Practice: tl’eesh
Complex initial sound cluster

Common Pronunciation Challenges

Challenge 1: The Lateral ł Words affected: łį́į́ʼ (horse), łééchąąʼí (dog), tłʼízí (goat), tłʼiish (snake)

Practice sequence:

Say “la la la” normally
Keep tongue position but blow air around sides
Should sound breathy and lateral

Challenge 2: Nasalized Vowels Words affected: bįįh (deer), tązhii (turkey), łééchąąʼí (dog), ayání (bison)

Practice sequence:

Say “ah” normally
Pinch nose closed and say “ah”
Notice the difference
Say without pinching but with nasal quality

Challenge 3: Glottal Stops Words affected: łį́į́ʼ (horse), maʼii (coyote), gah (rabbit), chʼał (frog)

Practice sequence:

Say “uh-oh” to feel the stop
Practice cutting off airflow completely
Apply to animal names

Challenge 4: Ejective Consonants Words affected: tłʼízí (goat), chʼał (frog), chʼééh (turtle)

Practice sequence:

Say “top” forcefully
Feel the air burst on “t”
Make it even sharper
That’s an ejective

Practice Exercises

Exercise 1: Start with Easy Names Begin with simpler pronunciations:

Shash (bear)
Gah (rabbit)
Atsá (eagle)
Dibé (sheep)
Maʼii (coyote)

Exercise 2: Progress to Moderate Difficulty

Béégashii (cow)
Mósí (cat)
Tązhii (turkey)
Bįįh (deer)
Naʼashǫ́ʼii (lizard)

Exercise 3: Master the Challenging Ones

Łį́į́ʼ (horse)
Łééchąąʼí (dog)
Tłʼízí (goat)
Tłʼiish (snake)

Exercise 4: Sound-Specific Practice Group words by challenging sounds:

Lateral ł words together
Nasal vowel words together
Glottal stop words together
Ejective words together

Sacred and Culturally Significant Animals

Certain animals hold special spiritual and cultural significance in Navajo tradition. Understanding this context enriches your appreciation of the language and shows respect for Navajo culture.

Eagle (Atsá) – Sacred Messenger

Cultural Significance: Eagles are among the most sacred animals in Navajo culture. They fly highest and are believed to carry prayers to the Creator and Holy People. Eagle feathers are used in ceremonies, healing rituals, and blessings.

Traditional Beliefs:

Eagles see everything from their high vantage point
Their feathers hold spiritual power and protection
Only authorized individuals can possess eagle feathers (federal and tribal law)
Different prayers and protocols govern interactions with eagles

Types of Eagles:

Atsá Łitsoí (Golden Eagle) – “Yellow eagle”
Atsá Łigaii (Bald Eagle) – “White eagle”

Respectful Usage: When mentioning eagles, Navajo speakers often show reverence in tone and context. Eagles should never be harmed, and their feathers are treated with utmost respect.

Bear (Shash) – Powerful Protector

Cultural Significance: Bears represent strength, healing, and protection in Navajo tradition. They are associated with medicine and healing ceremonies, and Bear is one of the Holy People in Navajo cosmology.

Traditional Beliefs:

Bears possess healing knowledge
Some Navajo clans are associated with Bear
Bear tracks and presence have spiritual significance
Certain protocols govern speaking about bears

Cultural Cautions: Traditional Navajo teachings include careful behavior around bears and respectful attitudes when encountering or discussing them. Some families avoid saying “shash” directly and use descriptive phrases instead.

In Ceremonies: Bear appears in healing ceremonies and is invoked for strength and protection. Bear medicine is considered powerful and must be used correctly.

Coyote (Maʼii) – Trickster and Teacher

Cultural Significance: Coyote is perhaps the most important animal character in Navajo stories. He appears throughout creation narratives and teaching stories as both trickster and culture bringer.

Dual Nature:

Teacher: Brings fire, creates rivers, shapes landscape
Trickster: Makes mistakes, breaks rules, causes chaos
Culture Hero: Despite flaws, often helps humanity
Cautionary Figure: His mistakes teach important lessons

In Stories: Coyote stories (told only in winter when “thunder sleeps”) teach:

Consequences of greed and selfishness
Importance of respecting rules and boundaries
Value of cleverness and adaptability
Human nature and its contradictions

Modern Relevance: Coyote remains culturally relevant as a symbol of survival, adaptation, and the complexity of existence. His stories continue teaching each generation.

Wolf (Maʼiitsoh) – Spiritual Power

Cultural Significance: Wolves (literally “big coyote” – maʼiitsoh) hold spiritual significance and are associated with hunting prowess and pack cooperation.

Traditional Beliefs:

Wolves represent skill in tracking and hunting
Their howls have spiritual meaning
Connected to certain clans and healing practices
Respected for intelligence and family bonds

Cultural Respect: Like bears, wolves are treated with respect and some families observe protocols around discussing or encountering them.

Horse (Łį́į́ʼ) – Central to Navajo Identity

Cultural Significance: While horses were introduced by Spanish colonizers in the 1600s (not indigenous to Americas), they quickly became central to Navajo culture and identity. The Diné became renowned horsemen and horse breeders.

Historical Importance:

Transportation: Essential for travel across vast territories
Warfare: Critical in conflicts and protection
Herding: Vital for managing sheep and goats
Wealth: Horses represented economic prosperity
Trade: Important commodity in regional trade networks
Ceremonies: Used in certain traditional practices

Modern Significance: Though motorized vehicles have largely replaced horses for transportation, they remain culturally important through:

Rodeos and horse racing
Traditional horsemanship skills
Symbolic representation of Navajo heritage
Some families still use horses for herding

Language Note: The word łį́į́ʼ is one of the most phonologically complex in Navajo, perhaps reflecting the horse’s complexity and importance in Navajo life.

Sheep (Dibé) – Economic and Spiritual Foundation

Cultural Significance: Sheep have been central to Navajo life since their introduction by Spanish colonizers. Sheep-herding became integral to Navajo economy, culture, and lifestyle.

Economic Importance:

Wool: For weaving traditional textiles and rugs
Meat: Primary protein source
Trade: Economic commodity
Wealth: Flock size indicates prosperity

Cultural Practices:

Weaving: Navajo weaving tradition depends on sheep wool
Butchering: Traditional methods and seasonal timing
Herding: Often responsibility of children and women
Daily Life: Sheep herding structured daily routines

Spiritual Significance:

Sheep appear in prayers and blessings
Associated with abundance and prosperity
Connected to concepts of hózhǫ́ (harmony and beauty)
Part of traditional wealth and gift-giving

Turtle (Chʼééh Digháhii) – Longevity and Patience

Cultural Significance: Turtles represent longevity, patience, and groundedness in Navajo tradition. Their slow, steady nature and long lifespan make them symbols of endurance.

Traditional Beliefs:

Connected to water and moisture
Represents persistence and determination
Shell patterns have symbolic meaning
Associated with certain healing practices

Deer (Bįįh) – Sacred Game Animal

Cultural Significance: Deer are important game animals with ceremonial significance. Hunting deer involves traditional prayers, respect, and proper protocols.

Traditional Practices:

Hunting Rituals: Prayers before and after hunting
Respect for Game: Using all parts of the animal
Seasonal Timing: Traditional hunting seasons
Offering Thanks: Gratitude to animal’s spirit

Ceremonial Use:

Deerskin used in certain ceremonies
Deer appear in healing and blessing practices
Antlers have ceremonial applications

Domestic Animals and Livestock

Domestic animals are integral to Navajo daily life, economy, and cultural practices. Understanding these terms is essential for conversations about agriculture, livelihood, and family life.

The Big Three: Sheep, Horses, and Goats

Sheep (Dibé)

Most important livestock economically
Entire families participate in sheep herding
Traditional wealth measured by flock size
Wool weaving is cultural art form

Common Phrases:

Dibé yázhí – Little sheep (lamb)
Dibé bitsíí – Sheep wool
Dibé béégashii – Fat sheep
Dibé yishdla – I’m herding sheep

Horses (Łį́į́ʼ)

Essential for transportation historically
Still used in some areas for herding
Important in rodeos and racing
Symbol of Navajo heritage

Common Phrases:

Łį́į́ʼ yázhí – Colt (little horse)
Łį́į́ʼ łigai – White horse
Łį́į́ʼ łizhin – Black horse
Łį́į́ʼ bi’oh – Horse saddle

Goats (Tłʼízí)

Important supplementary livestock
Provide meat and some wool
Hardy animals suited to desert environment
Often herded alongside sheep

Common Phrases:

Tłʼízí yázhí – Kid (baby goat)
Tłʼízí bitł’óól – Goat milk
Tłʼízí ak’ahí – Goat fat

Cattle and Modern Livestock

Cattle (Béégashii) Introduced more recently than sheep, cattle have become important livestock, especially for those with grazing permits and larger operations.

Dogs (Łééchąąʼí) Traditional Navajo dogs assisted with herding and protection. Today, dogs are companions and working animals.

Cats (Mósí) Less traditionally important but now common as pets and for pest control.

Poultry

Chickens (Naaʼahóóhai) Many families keep chickens for eggs and meat. The word is actually more descriptive of the scratching behavior chickens do.

Turkeys (Tązhii) Both wild and domestic turkeys are known by this name.

Wild Animals of the Southwest

The Navajo homeland spans diverse ecosystems—high desert, mountains, canyons, and plains—supporting varied wildlife. Navajo language includes specific terms for animals across these environments.

Large Predators

Bears (Shash) Black bears inhabit mountain areas of Navajo lands. As discussed, they hold special spiritual significance.

Mountain Lions (Náshdóítsoh) Apex predators respected for hunting prowess. “Náshdóí” relates to wildcat, “tsoh” means big.

Wolves (Maʼiitsoh) Historically present though now rare. Literally “big coyote.”

Coyotes (Maʼii) Abundant throughout Navajo lands. Their calls are familiar sounds of the desert night.

Large Herbivores

Deer (Bįįh) Mule deer are common game animals throughout Navajo territory.

Elk (Dził Bįįh) “Mountain deer” found in higher elevations. Larger than deer and prized for meat and antlers.

Antelope (Jádí) Pronghorn antelope inhabit plains and grasslands. Known for incredible speed.

Bison (Ayání) Historically present, now reintroduced to some areas. Represent abundance and cultural heritage.

Medium and Small Mammals

Rabbits (Gah) and Jackrabbits (Gahtsoh) Common throughout the region. Important traditional food source. “Gahtsoh” literally means “big rabbit.”

Porcupines (Dahsání) Distinctive defensive spines make them easily recognizable. Feature in traditional stories.

Raccoons (Tábąąh Maʼii) “Water coyote” due to habitat preferences near water sources.

Skunks (Gólízhii) Known for defensive spray. Given respectful distance.

Badgers (Nahashchʼidí) Powerful diggers. Their digging abilities are legendary in stories.

Prairie Dogs (Dlǫ́ʼii) Community-living rodents common in grasslands. Their “towns” can be extensive.

Squirrels (Hazéístsʼósí) Tree squirrels in forested areas. Fast and acrobatic.

Birds in Navajo Language

Birds are numerous and diverse across Navajo lands, from desert species to mountain dwellers. Bird names often reflect sounds, behaviors, or characteristics.

Sacred and Ceremonial Birds

Eagles (Atsá) As discussed, eagles are the most sacred birds. Both golden and bald eagles hold spiritual significance.

Hawks (Atseełtsooí and variants) Various hawk species, particularly red-tailed hawks, are common and considered protectors.

Owls (Néʼéshjaaʼ) Owls have complex cultural associations. Some families view them as harbingers or messengers. Treated with caution and respect in traditional contexts.

Common Birds

Crows and Ravens (Gáagii, Zhétł’éésh) Intelligent corvids common throughout the region. Feature in various traditional stories.

Roadrunners (Yáłhazhiyál) Distinctive desert birds. Fast runners and skilled hunters of lizards and snakes.

Turkeys (Tązhii) Wild turkeys in mountain areas. Historically important game bird.

Quail (Tagháázh) Small ground-dwelling birds. Distinctive calls and coveys.

Doves (Hasbídí) Mourning doves are common. Their gentle cooing is familiar sound.

Hummingbirds (Dahiitʼíhii) Tiny, fast-moving birds. Their hovering flight is distinctive.

Water Birds

Ducks (Naalʼeełí) Various duck species visit water sources and seasonal wetlands.

Geese (Naalʼeełítsoh) “Big ducks” migrate through the region.

Small Birds

Sparrows (Tsídii) General term for small birds. Various sparrow species common.

Swallows (Táshchozhii) Fast-flying insectivores. Often seen near water.

Reptiles and Amphibians

The Southwest’s desert and mountain environments support various reptiles and amphibians, each with Navajo names.

Snakes

Snake (General – Tłʼiish) General term for snakes of all kinds.

Rattlesnakes (Tłʼiish Haʼítsoh) Venomous rattlesnakes are found throughout the region. Treated with caution and respect. “Haʼítsoh” relates to their size or danger.

Cultural Cautions: Traditional Navajo teachings include careful behavior around snakes and various beliefs about encounters with them. Some families observe specific protocols.

Lizards

Lizard (General – Naʼashǫ́ʼii) Various lizard species are common in desert environments.

Horned Toads/Horned Lizards (Naʼashǫ́ʼii Ditʼooi) Distinctive spiked lizards. Despite common name “horned toad,” they are lizards, not amphibians.

Cultural Significance: Some lizard species appear in traditional stories and have cultural associations.

Turtles

Turtle (Chʼééh Digháhii) Various turtle species in water sources. As discussed, symbolize longevity and patience.

Amphibians

Frogs (Chʼał) Important in Navajo culture due to association with water and rain. Their presence and calls indicate moisture.

Toads (Chʼałtsoh) “Big frogs” – toads are larger, more terrestrial relatives of frogs.

Rain Connection: Frogs and toads are strongly associated with rain in Navajo tradition. Their calls “sing up” the rain. This connection makes them culturally significant beyond just being animals.

Insects and Small Creatures

Insects and other small creatures have Navajo names, many descriptive of their appearance or behavior.

Beautiful Insects

Butterflies (Kʼaalógii) Butterflies represent transformation and beauty. Their metamorphosis has symbolic meaning.

Dragonflies (Tániilʼáí) Associated with water sources. Fast fliers and predators of other insects.

Social Insects

Bees (Tsísʼná) Important pollinators and honey producers. Industrious and organized.

Ants (Wóláchííʼ) Hard-working insects found everywhere. Their industriousness is legendary in stories. Ant people play roles in some traditional narratives.

Arachnids

Spiders (Naʼashǫ́ʼii Dichʼízhii) Web-making spiders. Spider Woman is an important figure in Navajo creation stories, credited with teaching weaving.

Scorpions (Tábąąh Naʼashǫ́ʼii) Desert arachnids with venomous stings. Treated with caution.

Common Insects

Grasshoppers (Nahachagii) Jumping insects common in grasslands and agricultural areas.

Crickets (Díwózhii) Singing insects whose calls mark seasons.

Flies (Tsʼíʼii) Common flying insects.

Mosquitoes (Tsʼíʼiitsoh) “Big flies” – biting insects associated with water sources.

Example Sentences Using Animal Names

Learning animal names becomes more meaningful when you can use them in context. Here are extensive examples across various situations.

Observing Animals

Atsá yikééʼ nááná.

An eagle is flying around.
Pronunciation: aht-SAH yee-KEH NAH-nah

Shash dziłdi hóyą́ą́.

There’s a bear in the mountains.
Pronunciation: shash dzil-di HOH-yahn

Maʼii yisdzáán.

I heard a coyote.
Pronunciation: mah-EE yis-DZAHN

Bįįh ts’ídá łahgo nizhóní.

The deer is very beautiful.
Pronunciation: bįįh ts’ee-DAH lah-go nee-ZHO-nee

Domestic Animals and Herding

Díí dibé yaʼąąsh?

Whose sheep is this?
Pronunciation: dee di-BEH yah-ahnsh

Shidibé yishdla.

I’m herding my sheep.
Pronunciation: shi-di-BEH yish-dlah

Łį́į́ʼ bi’oh bééhózin.

I know how to saddle a horse.
Pronunciation: LHEEN bi-oh bay-HO-zin

Łééchąąʼí shíká adoolwoł.

The dog will help me.
Pronunciation: LHEH-chahn-ee shee-KAH ah-dohl-wohl

Tłʼízí yázhí bimá yił hózhdǫǫ.

The kid is with its mother.
Pronunciation: tl’ee-ZEE YAH-zhee bi-MAH yil HOZ-dohn

Describing Animals

Díí łį́į́ʼ éí łigai.

This horse is white.
Pronunciation: dee LHEEN ay-ee li-GUY

Gólízhii béeso yił hólǫ́.

The skunk has a stripe. (literally: skunk with money/stripe)
Pronunciation: GOH-lee-zhee BAY-so yil HOH-lon

Atsá átʼé łitso.

The eagle is golden/yellow.
Pronunciation: aht-SAH at-eh LIT-so

Mósí yázhí nizhóní.

The kitten is cute.
Pronunciation: MOH-see YAH-zhee nee-ZHO-nee

Actions and Behaviors

Gáagii ałchʼį’ dah yitínééh.

The crow is eating the food.
Pronunciation: GAH-gee al-ch’ee dah yi-TEE-neh

Naʼashǫ́ʼii tsʼaaʼ kéyah dah yidloh.

The lizard is running on the rock.
Pronunciation: nah-ah-SHOH-ee ts’ah KEH-yah dah yi-dloh

Chʼał binááʼ nidaalyeed.

The frogs are singing. (calling for rain)
Pronunciation: ch’ahl bi-NAH ni-dahl-yeyd

Tsísʼná chʼil bee yishtłííl.

Bees are making honey.
Pronunciation: TSEES-nah ch’il bay yish-TLEEL

Counting Animals

Dibé naaki shi’ hólǫ́.

I have two sheep.
Pronunciation: di-BEH NAH-kee shih HOH-lon

Łį́į́ʼ dį́į́ʼ shimá dóó.

My mother and I have four horses.
Pronunciation: LHEEN DEEN shi-MAH doh

Tłʼízí ashdlaʼ dahólǫ́.

There are five goats.
Pronunciation: tl’ee-ZEE ASH-dlah dah-HOH-lon

In Stories and Teaching

Maʼii éí hashkeʼígíí áníłʼį́.

Coyote is the mischievous one.
Pronunciation: mah-EE ay-ee hash-KEH-ee-gee AH-neel-een

Shash éí naʼałkaah áníłʼį́.

Bear is the healer/medicine one.
Pronunciation: shash ay-ee nah-al-KAH AH-neel-een

Atsá yáʼátʼééhgo sodizin dooleeł.

May the eagle bring good prayers.
Pronunciation: aht-SAH yah-AT-teh-go so-di-zin doh-lehl

Questions About Animals

Háísh jį́ ałchʼį’ dah náádiidee’?

What ate the food? (what animal)
Pronunciation: HAH-ish jee al-ch’ee dah nah-dee-deh

Díí haʼátʼíísh jíní?

What is this called? (pointing to an animal)
Pronunciation: dee ha-ah-TEESH jee-nee

Bįįh háádę́ę́’ daatsaaz?

Where do the deer come from?
Pronunciation: bįįh HAH-deh daht-sahz

Animals in Different Seasons

Chʼałłééh shį́ dajiłhosh dooleeł.

The frogs will emerge in summer.
Pronunciation: ch’ahl-LEH shih dah-jil-hosh doh-lehl

Gah hai yiskąągo dahółtééł doonííł.

Rabbits will be plentiful in winter.
Pronunciation: gah high yis-KAHN-go dah-HOL-tehl doh-neel

Atsá tł’éh’ígo łééchąąʼí yił ałhééh.

At night, eagles rest with their young.
Pronunciation: aht-SAH tl’eh-EE-go LHEH-chahn-ee yil al-HEH

Animals in Traditional Stories

Animals are central characters in Navajo traditional narratives, especially in winter stories (told only when “thunder sleeps”). Understanding these stories provides cultural context for animal names.

Coyote Stories

Maʼii (Coyote) appears in more stories than any other animal. He is the quintessential trickster—clever but flawed, helpful but selfish, creative but destructive.

Key Coyote Story Themes:

Creation Participation: Coyote helped create certain features of the world but also caused problems
Bringing Fire: In some versions, Coyote brings fire to humans
Creating Death: Coyote’s actions led to death entering the world
Causing Floods: His mischief sometimes causes disasters
Teaching Lessons: His mistakes teach what not to do

Cultural Function: Coyote stories teach about:

Consequences of greed and selfishness
Importance of following rules and protocols
Value of thinking ahead
Dangers of trickery and deception
Human nature’s complexity

Storytelling Protocols:

Told only in winter (when thunder is quiet)
Often include the phrase “Hazhą́ʼá” (once upon a time)
Listeners respond “Aoo'” to show they’re paying attention
Stories can last hours and span multiple nights

Spider Woman Stories

Naʼashǫ́ʼii Asdzą́ą́ (Spider Woman) is a Holy Person who taught humans to weave. She is credited with:

Teaching Weaving: Showed Navajo people how to create textiles
Providing Wisdom: Offers guidance in stories
Protection: Sometimes protects children and travelers
Creation Participation: Helped organize the world

Spider Woman is revered, and traditional weavers pay respect to her when learning and practicing their craft.

Bear Stories

Shash (Bear) stories often involve:

Healing and medicine knowledge
Strength and protection
Proper respect for powerful beings
Consequences of disrespect or fear

Bears in stories are usually powerful, sometimes dangerous, but often helpful if approached correctly. They teach respect for powerful forces and proper protocols for interaction.

Eagle Stories

Atsá (Eagle) stories emphasize:

Connection between earth and sky/spirit world
Importance of proper prayers and protocols
Respect for sacred beings
Messages from Holy People

Eagles rarely appear as central characters but are often messengers or observers in stories.

Animal Helpers

Many stories feature animals helping humans or heroes:

Ants (Wóláchííʼ): Help sort seeds or accomplish impossible tasks
Woodpecker: Helps in various tasks requiring pecking or drilling
Small Birds: Serve as messengers or scouts
Turtles (Chʼééh Digháhii): Represent persistence overcoming obstacles

These helper animals teach that even small creatures have important roles and should be respected.

Respect in Storytelling

When telling or listening to animal stories:

Show respect for the animals being discussed
Understand stories contain deep teachings, not just entertainment
Some stories should only be told by authorized knowledge keepers
Proper time and context matter (winter vs. summer stories)
Animals are teachers, not just characters

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Learning animal names in Navajo involves avoiding pronunciation, usage, and cultural mistakes that can lead to misunderstanding or disrespect.

Pronunciation Mistakes

Mistake 1: Dropping the Lateral ł

Wrong: “ii” for łį́į́ʼ (horse)
Right: “LHEEN” with lateral fricative
Impact: Complete wrong word

Mistake 2: Missing Glottal Stops

Wrong: “mah-ee” for maʼii (coyote)
Right: “mah-[stop]-EE” with glottal stop between syllables
Impact: Sounds unnatural or incorrect

Mistake 3: Ignoring Nasal Vowels

Wrong: “bee” for bįįh (deer)
Right: “bįįh” with full nasal quality
Impact: Wrong word or unclear pronunciation

Mistake 4: Wrong Tone

Wrong: Flat “di-be” for dibé (sheep)
Right: “di-BEH” with high tone on second syllable
Impact: Can change meaning or sound wrong

Mistake 5: Anglicizing Sounds

Wrong: Making “shash” sound like English “shush”
Right: Sharp, clear “shash”
Impact: Doesn’t sound like Navajo

Cultural Mistakes

Mistake 6: Disrespecting Sacred Animals

Wrong: Joking about eagles or bears without understanding cultural context
Right: Speaking respectfully about sacred animals
Impact: Cultural insensitivity

Mistake 7: Telling Winter Stories in Summer

Wrong: Sharing Coyote stories when “thunder is awake”
Right: Respecting seasonal storytelling protocols
Impact: Violates cultural protocols

Mistake 8: Assuming All Animal Beliefs are Public

Wrong: Pressing for information about animals that might be restricted knowledge
Right: Respecting that some teachings are private or family-specific
Impact: Disrespect for cultural protocols

Mistake 9: Overgeneralizing Cultural Beliefs

Wrong: Assuming all Navajo people have identical beliefs about specific animals
Right: Understanding cultural beliefs vary by family and region
Impact: Stereotyping or oversimplification

Mistake 10: Touching or Handling Eagle Feathers Without Authorization

Wrong: Picking up eagle feathers found in nature
Right: Understanding eagle feathers are protected by federal law and have sacred status
Impact: Legal and cultural violations

Usage Mistakes

Mistake 11: Confusing Similar Animals

Wrong: Calling a goat (tłʼízí) a sheep (dibé)
Right: Using correct specific term
Impact: Misunderstanding about which animal

Mistake 12: Using Wrong Diminutive

Wrong: Random use of “yázhí” (little/young)
Right: Appropriate use for young animals
Impact: Confusing or grammatically incorrect

Mistake 13: Mixing English and Navajo Incorrectly

Wrong: “I saw a atsá” (mixing articles incorrectly)
Right: Either fully English or properly constructed Navajo
Impact: Awkward code-switching

Learning Mistakes

Mistake 14: Trying to Learn All Animals at Once

Wrong: Memorizing entire list immediately
Right: Starting with most common/important animals
Impact: Overwhelm and poor retention

Mistake 15: Ignoring Cultural Context

Wrong: Learning names as pure vocabulary
Right: Understanding cultural significance and proper usage
Impact: Superficial knowledge without depth

Mistake 16: Not Practicing Aloud

Wrong: Only reading animal names silently
Right: Practicing pronunciation verbally
Impact: Poor pronunciation and speaking confidence

How to Recover from Mistakes

Acknowledge Gracefully: Simple “hágoóneeʼ” (oops) if mispronouncing

Ask for Correction: “Háá’íshą’ t’áá ánólníigo?” (How do I say it correctly?)

Learn from Feedback: Accept corrections with gratitude

Show Respect: Demonstrate genuine interest in cultural understanding

Be Patient with Yourself: Language learning takes time; mistakes are normal

FAQs About Animals in Navajo

Why are some animal names so short while others are very long?

Navajo animal names vary in length based on several factors. Short names like shash (bear), gah (rabbit), and atsá (eagle) are often ancient, simple terms.

Longer names like łééchąąʼí (dog) or béégashii (cow) may be descriptive compounds or more recent adaptations. Some animals introduced by Europeans have longer descriptive names built from Navajo roots.

Can I tell Coyote stories any time of year?

No. Traditional Navajo protocol dictates that Coyote stories and other winter stories should only be told when “thunder sleeps”—generally from first frost to first thunderstorm of spring.

Telling these stories in summer is believed to potentially bring bad luck or unwanted consequences. This seasonal restriction respects the power of these sacred narratives.

Why do some families avoid saying certain animal names directly?

Some Navajo families observe traditional protocols around certain powerful animals like bears or snakes.

They might use descriptive phrases instead of direct names, especially in certain contexts. These practices vary by family and clan and relate to traditional beliefs about the power of words and names. It’s respectful to follow the lead of the family or community you’re with.

Is it okay to use these animal names if I’m not Navajo?

Yes, when learning Navajo language respectfully, using animal names is appropriate and appreciated.

What matters is approaching the language with cultural humility, genuine interest in accurate learning, and respect for cultural protocols.

If discussing sacred animals like eagles, showing reverence in tone and context is important. Learning these words helps preserve the language.

What’s the difference between maʼii (coyote) and maʼiitsoh (wolf)?

Maʼii is coyote, while maʼiitsoh literally means “big coyote” and refers to wolves. This naming pattern shows how Navajo language often builds new words from existing roots.

The “tsoh” suffix means “big,” so wolf is essentially “big coyote.” Historically, this may reflect that coyotes were more commonly encountered than wolves.

Why are eagles so important in Navajo culture?

Eagles hold supreme spiritual significance as messengers between humans and the Holy People/Creator.

They fly highest, see farthest, and their feathers carry prayers to the spiritual realm. Eagles are used in ceremonies, healing rituals, and blessings. Both federal law (protecting eagles) and tribal law (governing ceremonial use) reflect their sacred status. Disrespect toward eagles is considered serious.

Do Navajo people eat all the animals they have names for?

No. Dietary practices vary, but traditional Navajo diet excluded certain animals based on cultural beliefs. For example, fish and some other water animals were traditionally avoided.

Predators like bears and coyotes were generally not eaten. Primary traditional meat sources were deer, elk, rabbit, sheep, and occasionally other game. Modern dietary practices vary more widely.

How do I know if I’m pronouncing animal names correctly?

Listen to native Navajo speakers through audio resources, videos, or in person. Record yourself and compare to native pronunciation.

Key features to master include lateral fricatives (ł), glottal stops (ʼ), nasal vowels (ą, į, ǫ), ejective consonants (tʼ, chʼ, kʼ), and tones. Even imperfect pronunciation with sincere effort is usually appreciated. Continuous practice and feedback improve accuracy.

Are there Navajo names for animals not native to the Southwest?

Modern Navajo has adapted to name animals from around the world, often using descriptive compounds.

For example, animals seen in zoos or encountered through media receive Navajo names built from existing vocabulary.

Some are borrowed from English and adapted to Navajo phonology. The language continues evolving to encompass new experiences.

Why do some animals have “yázhí” added to their names?

Yázhí means “small,” “little,” or “young.” It’s added to animal names to indicate babies or young animals: dibé yázhí (lamb – little sheep), łį́į́ʼ yázhí (colt – little horse), mósí yázhí (kitten – little cat). This is a productive grammatical pattern applicable to many animals.

Can children learn animal names before other Navajo vocabulary?

Yes! Animal names are excellent vocabulary for children learning Navajo. They’re concrete, often have interesting sounds, connect to things children can observe or imagine, and appear in stories.

Many Navajo language programs for children emphasize animal vocabulary early. Picture books and animal songs make learning engaging.

What’s the relationship between animal names and clan names?

Some Navajo clans have animal connections—like Tódích’íi’nii (Bitter Water clan) which has some association with water animals, or clans with bear or deer connections. These relationships are complex and vary by clan tradition. Clan connections to animals reflect ancestral relationships and spiritual associations that shape identity and kinship obligations.

How do I respectfully photograph or observe wildlife on Navajo lands?

Always respect Navajo Nation laws and cultural protocols. Never disturb or harass wildlife. Eagles and their nests are federally protected—never approach nests or attempt to collect feathers.

Some areas may be restricted for cultural or ecological reasons. When observing animals, maintain appropriate distance and avoid disrupting natural behaviors.

If photographing, be aware that some individuals may prefer animals in certain sacred contexts not be photographed.

Are there animals that are considered bad luck or dangerous spiritually?

Traditional Navajo beliefs include teachings about certain animals that should be treated with caution or avoided.

These beliefs vary by family and shouldn’t be overgeneralized. Some families have specific teachings about owls, coyotes seen in certain contexts, or encountering certain animals at specific times.

These aren’t superstitions but part of traditional knowledge systems about maintaining balance and respect.

Where can I hear native speakers using these animal names?

Navajo radio stations (like KTNN), language learning videos on YouTube, educational materials from Navajo Nation schools, and interactions with Navajo speakers in communities all provide opportunities to hear animal names used naturally.

Some language learning apps include audio from native speakers. Visiting the Navajo Nation and engaging respectfully with community members offers the richest learning environment.

Summary and Key Takeaways

Essential Points About Animals in Navajo

Cultural Significance: Animals are not just biological entities in Navajo culture—they’re teachers, relatives, spiritual beings, and central characters in stories that shape worldview.

Sacred Animals: Eagle (atsá), bear (shash), and coyote (maʼii) hold special spiritual significance and should be spoken of with respect.

Descriptive Names: Many Navajo animal names are onomatopoetic (mimicking sounds) or descriptive (based on characteristics or behaviors).

Language Adaptation: Navajo language has adapted to name introduced animals (like horses and cattle) and continues evolving to encompass new species encountered through modern life.

Storytelling Tradition: Animals feature prominently in traditional stories, especially winter tales, that teach cultural values and life lessons.

Practical Importance: Domestic animals like sheep (dibé), horses (łį́į́ʼ), and goats (tłʼízí) remain economically and culturally significant.

Most Important Animals to Learn First

Top 10 for Cultural and Practical Reasons:

Atsá (Eagle) – aht-SAH – Most sacred bird
Shash (Bear) – shash – Powerful spiritual animal
Maʼii (Coyote) – mah-EE – Central story character
Łį́į́ʼ (Horse) – LHEEN – Cultural icon
Dibé (Sheep) – di-BEH – Economic foundation
Bįįh (Deer) – bįįh – Important game animal
Łééchąąʼí (Dog) – LHEH-chahn-ee – Companion animal
Gah (Rabbit) – gah – Common small animal
Chʼał (Frog) – ch’ahl – Rain association
Tłʼízí (Goat) – tl’ee-ZEE – Important livestock

Learning Strategies That Work

Start with Common Animals: Focus first on animals you’re likely to see or discuss frequently.

Learn by Category: Group similar animals together (domestic, wild mammals, birds, etc.).

Practice Pronunciation: Focus on challenging sounds like lateral ł, glottal stops, and nasal vowels.

Learn Cultural Context: Understand why animals matter culturally, not just their names.

Use Visual Aids: Pictures and videos help associate names with animals.

Listen to Native Speakers: Audio resources are essential for proper pronunciation and natural usage.

Practice in Sentences: Use animal names in context rather than in isolation.

Moving Forward

Learning animal names in Navajo connects you to:

Ecological Knowledge: Centuries of observation and understanding
Cultural Wisdom: Stories and teachings that shape Navajo worldview
Language Preservation: Keeping Diné Bizaad alive and thriving
Spiritual Traditions: Sacred relationships between humans and nature
Practical Communication: Discussing livestock, wildlife, and daily life

Take Action: Practice and Continue Learning

Today’s Practice:

Learn the five most sacred/important animals (atsá, shash, maʼii, łį́į́ʼ, dibé)
Practice the challenging sounds (ł, ʼ, nasal vowels)
Try saying one complete sentence with an animal name

This Week:

Learn 10-15 common animals across different categories
Practice pronunciation daily for 10 minutes
Watch videos of native speakers using animal names
Learn one traditional story featuring an animal

This Month:

Master pronunciation of 25-30 animal names
Use animal names when you see animals (even in English contexts, practice Navajo names)
Learn related vocabulary (young animals, colors, behaviors)
Explore the cultural significance of different animals
Teach someone else what you’ve learned

Resources for Continued Learning

Online Resources:

YouTube: Educational videos featuring Navajo animal vocabulary with native speaker pronunciation
Native Languages of the Americas: Comprehensive vocabulary lists and cultural information (http://www.native-languages.org/navajo_animals.htm)
Navajo Language Renaissance: Programs and materials for learning
KTNN Radio: Listen to natural Navajo conversation including animal references

Books and Materials:

Navajo-English dictionaries
Children’s books about animals in Navajo
Navajo language textbooks with animal vocabulary sections
Picture dictionaries showing animals with Navajo names

Community Resources:

Navajo language classes at tribal colleges
Cultural centers with educational programs
Tribal parks and wildlife areas with interpretive materials
Online Navajo language learning communities

Share This Knowledge

Help preserve Navajo language by:

Teaching children animal names in Navajo
Sharing this guide with language learners
Using Navajo animal names when appropriate
Supporting Navajo language education programs
Respecting cultural protocols around sacred animals

Support Language and Wildlife Conservation

Ways to Help:

Donate to Navajo language preservation programs
Support wildlife conservation on Navajo lands
Purchase educational materials from Navajo educators
Respect cultural and ecological protocols when visiting Navajo Nation
Advocate for protection of sacred animals and their habitats

Final Thoughts

The animals of Navajo lands are more than fauna—they are relatives, teachers, and sacred beings who have shaped Navajo culture, language, and worldview for generations.

From the mighty atsá (eagle) carrying prayers to the heavens to the humble chʼał (frog) singing up rain, from the trickster maʼii (coyote) teaching through his mistakes to the steadfast dibé (sheep) providing livelihood, each animal plays an irreplaceable role.

Learning animal names in Navajo—atsá, shash, maʼii, łį́į́ʼ, dibé, and dozens more—connects you to this rich tradition.

Every time you practice saying these names with proper pronunciation and cultural respect, you participate in keeping Diné Bizaad alive. You honor centuries of ecological knowledge, spiritual wisdom, and storytelling tradition.

The Navajo language reflects a worldview where humans and animals are interconnected parts of a balanced whole.

Learning these words invites you into that perspective, where a coyote’s howl carries meaning, an eagle’s flight inspires reverence, and sheep grazing on desert grasslands represent not just livestock but cultural identity and economic foundation.

As you continue your journey learning Navajo animal names, remember that language learning is also cultural learning.

Approach these words with the respect they deserve, practice with dedication and joy, and share your knowledge generously to help ensure that future generations can say atsá, shash, and maʼii with understanding and pride.

Atsá, shash, dóó maʼii—ahéheeʼ! (Eagle, bear, and coyote—thank you!)

Ahéheeʼ (thank you) for your interest in learning about animals in Navajo language. May your learning journey connect you deeply to both language and nature, and may you use this knowledge with respect, joy, and cultural sensitivity.

Source: Native Languages of the Americas